Methodology Overview
A key aim of the ESS has always been to implement high quality standards in its methodology and to improve standards in the field of cross-national surveys more generally.
Measuring attitudes cross-nationally has challenges that go beyond those of surveys conducted in a single country or language. The methods used on the ESS are outlined in the Survey Specification, which all countries are required to adhere to when conducting the ESS in their country.
Additional information about the ESS methodology and methodological research can be found in the sub-sections on the left-hand side menu, also accessible from the flowchart below.
ESS Methodology
Methodological Research
Interviewer Behaviour and Interviewer Effects
Interviewers are a key part in data collection for face-to-face surveys.
Minimising Nonresponse Bias
High response rates are usually considered as an indicator of good survey quality. In the ESS Specification, a minimum target response rate of 70% in each country has been outlined.
ESS Electronic Questionnaire Device
This use of the European Social Survey Electronic Questionnaire Device (ESS EQD) was part of our response to the challenges of face-to-face data collection during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Correction for Measurement Error
When information about the reliability and validity of measurements is available, it is possible to apply statistical techniques to correct for measurement error.
Translation Procedures
Members of the ESS Translation Team are carrying out translation-related research in a number of fields.
Development of Indicators
One of the original aims of the European Social Survey was ‘to introduce soundly-based indicators of national progress, based on citizens' perceptions and judgements of key aspects of their societies’.